Video: Examination of Gastrointestinal System

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Importance of Pterion

The pterion is area where four bones, the pariental and frontal bones, the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and the squamous part of the temporal bone, approach each other.

The pterion overlies the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery on the internal aspect of the skull, and it corresponds to the stem of the lateral sulcus of the brain.

The center of the pterion is about 4 cm above the midpoint of the zygomatic arch and nearly the same distance behind the zygomatic process of the frontal bone.

The pterion is identifying as the weakest part of the skull.

Clinically, the pterion is relevant because the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery runs beneath it, on the inner side of the skull, which is quite thin at this point. The combination of both a vital artery in this area and the relatively thin bone structure has lent itself to the name "God's little joke" by some physicians.

A blow to the pterion (e.g. in boxing) may rupture the artery causing an extradural haematoma. The pterion may also fracture indirectly. Blows to the top or back of the head may not cause fracture at the site of impact, but may place sufficient force on the skull that its weakest part, the pterion, will fracture.

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Laboratory Notes

Laboratory notes of Pathophysiology of Nervous System

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Video: Examination of Respiratory System

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Video: Examination of Cardiovascular System

Check the links below to upload this video. This is especially for MSU students taking Clinical Medicine...also for you guys out there that want to learn.

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Kedah among highest in diabetes

ALOR SETAR: Kedah is among the states with the highest reported diabetes rates with 13.6% of its one million population having the disease.

State health deputy director (public health) Dr Shahidan Hashim said the situation was worrying as some patients were not aware of having diabetes.

“Diabetes can happen at any age if one does not look after one’s health. There are diabetic patients as young as 15-year-olds.

“Some had their legs amputated, having renal failure and serious eye problem,” he told reporters after the launch of the Kedah Diabetes Walkathon 2009 here Saturday.

Dr Shahidan advised the people to take up an exercise regime like walking or cycling to deter diabetes.

“Even for diabetic patients, they must continue to exercise and lead a healthy and active lifestyle,” he added.

About 400 people took part in the 4.5km walkathon and a health screening programme organised by the Kedah Health Department and the Kedah Chapter of the Malaysian Diabetes Association. -- Bernama

source from: the star online

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Pathophysiology in Gastrointestinal Tract

Picture of Histology of GIT

Gastric Edenocarcinoma


Gastric Cancer


Esophagus Squamocellular Cancer


Carcinoma Esophagus


Esophagus Cancer



Granulated Tissue

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